{"componentChunkName":"component---src-gatsby-entities-post-tsx","path":"/posts/the-challenges-and-potential-of-fusion-energy","result":{"data":{"platform":{"post":{"id":"6a9fd82e7e75bc401cf2f829","slug":"the-challenges-and-potential-of-fusion-energy","path":"/posts/the-challenges-and-potential-of-fusion-energy","name":"The challenges and potential of fusion energy ","name_fr":null,"title":null,"title_fr":null,"pretitle":null,"pretitle_fr":null,"subtitle":null,"subtitle_fr":null,"published":"2026-09-08T09:41:02.61","edited":null,"typeLabel":"Deep Dive","color":{"id":"65d5479fd5bcca2bcbc9db51","name":"Dark Red","value":"#8C1815"},"content":{"plain":"Energy from fusion is amongst the options being developed to address this need. Unlike nuclear fission which creates energy from splitting atoms, fusion energy derives from atoms being forced together: a much safer process. Governments are investing billions of dollars, alongside a growing number of fusion companies backed by billionaires including Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, and numbers of venture capital firms. Leading fusion firms include Commonwealth Fusion Systems (www.cfs.energy), Tokamak Energy (www.tokamakenergy.com ), Proxima (www.proximafusion.com) and Marvel Fusion (www.marvelfusion.com ).   \nFusion has huge potential\nBriefly, fusion energy has the potential to be reliable and not dependent, for example, on weather conditions, and abundant in that core fuels are found in water. It holds the possibility of being efficient in its power density such that theoretically 1kg of fusion fuel is equivalent to 4kg of nuclear fission fuel and 4 million kg of fossil fuel; clean being low-carbon and low land use; safe as it is readily and safely controllable; and limitless in the manner in which a feedback loop in its operation could produce its own fuel.  \nIt faces enormous challenges\nSignificant challenges have to be addressed before fusion can contribute as a source of clean energy. Fusion machines are highly complex, and different designs are being explored. They include tokamaks, which use powerful magnets to contain the high temperatures of plasma needed for particles to fuse to produce energy. These temperatures can exceed 150 million degrees Celsius necessary for fusion to occur, which is ten times hotter than the centre of the Sun. And they include inertial confinement, which uses some of the most powerful lasers in the world to compress fuel capsules (https://lasers.llnl.gov/). A key challenge is the production of a fuel, tritium. Despite the many profound engineering difficulties faced, records of the duration of fusion reactions produced are regularly being announced, including most recently in China and France. Realistically, however, it is unlikely that fusion will produce energy commercially this decade. For a compendium of some of the developments in fusion see: (www.fusionenergybase.com/)  \n\n\nThere are large international investments, but different approaches\nBased on decades of basic research, efforts to produce fusion energy commercially are being pursued around the world. Leaders in the field include the USA, China, and the UK, and Germany, Japan, and Korea have significant investments. France is home to ITER, one of the world’s largest scientific projects (www.iter.org). There are broadly different approaches taken towards getting fusion energy into use in electricity grids and as a direct source of power. Although the situation is fluid and changing, the USA’s approach, for example, places emphasis on private sector firms linking back into the science base; China is state-led, with encouragement for start-ups aiming to move fusion research into commercial use; the UK is building on its strong research base with public-private partnership. \nAdvantages will lie with nations capable of making large, long-term, risk-taking investments, although these can have different characteristics. China has the benefit of scale and lengthy time horizons in its investments and highly advanced manufacturing capabilities; the USA has a long tradition of successful technological entrepreneurship and world-leading capital markets attuned to risk taking. China can be argued to lack the dynamism that can be provided by entrepreneurial start-ups in the field, although these are being established, especially around its centres of fusion research. The USA’s recent approach to scientific research and enthusiasm for fossil fuels begs the question of whether its leadership in fusion will be maintained.  \nThe UK’s leadership in this field is built on its being home to the world’s most pre-eminent fusion machine, the Joint European Torus, and much was learned from its 40 years of operation and at present from its decommissioning (www.ukaea.org/work/jet-decommissioning-and-repurposing/). The UK was the first nation in the world to develop an industrial strategy and appropriate regulatory framework for fusion, and much depends on the success of its flagship, UK Fusion Energy, which is developing a prototype commercial fusion machine (www.stepfusion.com).  \n\n\nThe different models of commercialisation are to be welcomed. There probably will not be a winner-takes-all in the ‘race’ to develop fusion, but rewards lie in both seriously competing for first-mover advantages and learning and leveraging from international collaboration. Benefits have already accrued from fusion-related technologies in fields such as health, digital design and manufacturing, and robotics: technologies of value for other sustainable energy sources. By being highly demanding, investments in the science and engineering of fusion increases the capabilities of industries that contribute to it. \nWhat will determine success?\nAfter 75 years of research, fusion energy is at an inflexion point with the possibility of rapid acceleration into commercial use. The viability of fusion energy will depend on its economics: the cost of developing and building fusion machines and the fully accounted price of their energy provision compared to alternatives. Much will depend on the effectiveness of fusion innovation ecosystems, involving scientists in research laboratories and universities, governments as investors and regulators, and large and small firms, all working effectively at combining their existing and developing skills and capabilities.  \nIf fusion energy is to be viable, to be economical and sustainable, a fusion industry needs to be created. On the supply side this will involve innovative small firms producing new components and systems and offering new services, and large construction and engineering firms capable of building highly complex machines integrated into power supply systems. The USA’s record in the former, China’s massive industrial strength, and research expertise in nations including Korea, Japan, Germany, the UK and France, will convey advantages, and point to the value of international collaboration leveraging distinctive strengths. The skills of systems integration will be critical. \nFusion will not have a short-term impact on today’s energy challenges, nor is its contribution guaranteed, but it is one of the very few high potential new sources of energy that could make an invaluable contribution in decades to come to dealing with an existential threat. Our current energy mix imperils human existence. Simply, everything needs to be thrown at this challenge to humanity, including the development of fusion energy. \n","text":"Energy from fusion is amongst the options being developed to address this need. Unlike nuclear fission which creates energy from splitting atoms, fusion energy derives from atoms being forced together: a much safer process. Governments are investing billions of dollars, alongside a growing number of fusion companies backed by billionaires including Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, and numbers of venture capital firms. Leading fusion firms include Commonwealth Fusion Systems (www.cfs.energy), Tokamak Energy (www.tokamakenergy.com ), Proxima (www.proximafusion.com) and Marvel Fusion (www.marvelfusion.com ).   \n\n## Fusion has huge potential \n\nBriefly, fusion energy has the potential to be reliable and not dependent, for example, on weather conditions, and abundant in that core fuels are found in water. It holds the possibility of being efficient in its power density such that theoretically 1kg of fusion fuel is equivalent to 4kg of nuclear fission fuel and 4 million kg of fossil fuel; clean being low-carbon and low land use; safe as it is readily and safely controllable; and limitless in the manner in which a feedback loop in its operation could produce its own fuel.  \n\n## It faces enormous challenges \n\nSignificant challenges have to be addressed before fusion can contribute as a source of clean energy. Fusion machines are highly complex, and different designs are being explored. They include tokamaks, which use powerful magnets to contain the high temperatures of plasma needed for particles to fuse to produce energy. These temperatures can exceed 150 million degrees Celsius necessary for fusion to occur, which is ten times hotter than the centre of the Sun. And they include inertial confinement, which uses some of the most powerful lasers in the world to compress fuel capsules (https://lasers.llnl.gov/). A key challenge is the production of a fuel, tritium. Despite the many profound engineering difficulties faced, records of the duration of fusion reactions produced are regularly being announced, including most recently in China and France. Realistically, however, it is unlikely that fusion will produce energy commercially this decade. For a compendium of some of the developments in fusion see: (www.fusionenergybase.com/)  \n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6a9fd6d67e75bc401cf2f820\" />\n\n## There are large international investments, but different approaches \n\nBased on decades of basic research, efforts to produce fusion energy commercially are being pursued around the world. Leaders in the field include the USA, China, and the UK, and Germany, Japan, and Korea have significant investments. France is home to ITER, one of the world’s largest scientific projects (www.iter.org). There are broadly different approaches taken towards getting fusion energy into use in electricity grids and as a direct source of power. Although the situation is fluid and changing, the USA’s approach, for example, places emphasis on private sector firms linking back into the science base; China is state-led, with encouragement for start-ups aiming to move fusion research into commercial use; the UK is building on its strong research base with public-private partnership. \n\nAdvantages will lie with nations capable of making large, long-term, risk-taking investments, although these can have different characteristics. China has the benefit of scale and lengthy time horizons in its investments and highly advanced manufacturing capabilities; the USA has a long tradition of successful technological entrepreneurship and world-leading capital markets attuned to risk taking. China can be argued to lack the dynamism that can be provided by entrepreneurial start-ups in the field, although these are being established, especially around its centres of fusion research. The USA’s recent approach to scientific research and enthusiasm for fossil fuels begs the question of whether its leadership in fusion will be maintained.  \n\nThe UK’s leadership in this field is built on its being home to the world’s most pre-eminent fusion machine, the Joint European Torus, and much was learned from its 40 years of operation and at present from its decommissioning (www.ukaea.org/work/jet-decommissioning-and-repurposing/). The UK was the first nation in the world to develop an industrial strategy and appropriate regulatory framework for fusion, and much depends on the success of its flagship, UK Fusion Energy, which is developing a prototype commercial fusion machine (www.stepfusion.com).  \n \n<ImageAsset id=\"6a9fd7077e75bc401cf2f823\" />\n\nThe different models of commercialisation are to be welcomed. There probably will not be a winner-takes-all in the ‘race’ to develop fusion, but rewards lie in both seriously competing for first-mover advantages and learning and leveraging from international collaboration. Benefits have already accrued from fusion-related technologies in fields such as health, digital design and manufacturing, and robotics: technologies of value for other sustainable energy sources. By being highly demanding, investments in the science and engineering of fusion increases the capabilities of industries that contribute to it. \n\n## What will determine success? \n\nAfter 75 years of research, fusion energy is at an inflexion point with the possibility of rapid acceleration into commercial use. The viability of fusion energy will depend on its economics: the cost of developing and building fusion machines and the fully accounted price of their energy provision compared to alternatives. Much will depend on the effectiveness of fusion innovation ecosystems, involving scientists in research laboratories and universities, governments as investors and regulators, and large and small firms, all working effectively at combining their existing and developing skills and capabilities.  \n\nIf fusion energy is to be viable, to be economical and sustainable, a fusion industry needs to be created. On the supply side this will involve innovative small firms producing new components and systems and offering new services, and large construction and engineering firms capable of building highly complex machines integrated into power supply systems. The USA’s record in the former, China’s massive industrial strength, and research expertise in nations including Korea, Japan, Germany, the UK and France, will convey advantages, and point to the value of international collaboration leveraging distinctive strengths. The skills of systems integration will be critical. \n\nFusion will not have a short-term impact on today’s energy challenges, nor is its contribution guaranteed, but it is one of the very few high potential new sources of energy that could make an invaluable contribution in decades to come to dealing with an existential threat. Our current energy mix imperils human existence. Simply, everything needs to be thrown at this challenge to humanity, including the development of fusion energy. "},"content_fr":{"plain":"","text":""},"challenge":{"id":"65d54797d5bcca2bcbc9d99b","name":"Emerging Technologies","slug":"emerging-technologies","typeLabel":"Theme","badge":null,"path":"/themes/emerging-technologies","updated":"2025-06-12T04:07:03.29","__typename":"Platform_Challenge","_schema":{"label":"Theme","pluralLabel":"Themes"},"openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_challenge/emerging-technologies","title":"Emerging Technologies","image":{"id":"image_villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668989832/villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"id":"thumbnails-file_villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies","bubbleMedium":{"id":"thumbnails-bubble-medium-file_villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_96/v1668989832/villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_192/v1668989832/villars-institute/banner/theme-emerging-technologies_image__theme-emerging-technologies.jpg"}}}},"color":{"id":"65d5479fd5bcca2bcbc9db51","name":"Dark Red","value":"#8C1815"},"icon":{"id":"684a2db82dd10058219bebce","name":"Emerging Technologies","component":"EmergingTechnologiesIcon"},"backgroundImage":{"id":"684a3ec6681a755d2aebd48e","image":{"id":"image_villars-institute/image-asset/emerging-technologies-background_image__emerging_technologies_tsvgsj","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1749696186/villars-institute/image-asset/emerging-technologies-background_image__emerging_technologies_tsvgsj.webp","url2x":null}}},"challenges":[{"id":"65d54797d5bcca2bcbc9d99b","name":"Emerging Technologies","slug":"emerging-technologies","typeLabel":"Theme","badge":null,"path":"/themes/emerging-technologies","updated":"2025-06-12T04:07:03.29","__typename":"Platform_Challenge","_schema":{"label":"Theme","pluralLabel":"Themes"},"icon":{"id":"684a2db82dd10058219bebce","name":"Emerging Technologies","component":"EmergingTechnologiesIcon"},"color":{"id":"65d5479fd5bcca2bcbc9db51","name":"Dark Red","value":"#8C1815"},"advertisements":[]}],"files":[],"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"The accelerating global demand for energy, increasing damage by current carbon-producing energy sources, and intensifying national concerns over energy security, has emphasized the urgent need to produce energy that is affordable, reliable, and sustainable.  \n"},"image":{"url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1788860439/villars-institute/banner/gann_thumbnail__55337092572_7688fab7b6_o_vobjl5.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1788860439/villars-institute/banner/gann_thumbnail__55337092572_7688fab7b6_o_vobjl5.jpg"}}}},"intro":{"plain":"The accelerating global demand for energy, increasing damage by current carbon-producing energy sources, and intensifying national concerns over energy security, has emphasized the urgent need to produce energy that is affordable, reliable, and sustainable.  \n","text":"The accelerating global demand for energy, increasing damage by current carbon-producing energy sources, and intensifying national concerns over energy security, has emphasized the urgent need to produce energy that is affordable, reliable, and sustainable.  "},"intro_fr":{"plain":"","text":""},"outro":{"text":""},"outro_fr":{"text":""},"videos":[],"imageAssets":[],"organisations":[],"organisationAuthors":[],"advertisements":[],"authors":[{"id":"65d547fdd5bcca2bcbc9e873","name":"David Gann, CBE","slug":"david-gann-cbe","role":{"id":"rol_E2B0i7wDhg0ClJZf","name":"VI Expert"},"isMember":true,"bio":{"id":"65d547fdd5bcca2bcbc9e873_bio","text":"Professor David Gann CBE is Vice Chair of the Villars Institute and a leader in the development of fusion energy, as Chair of UK Fusion Energy Ltd, and previously Chair of the UK Atomic Energy Authority. David is Professor of Innovation & Entrepreneurship at the Saïd Business School, Oxford University and a visiting fellow of the Oxford Martin School. Until recently, David was Pro-Vice-Chancellor Development & External Affairs at Oxford University, and prior to that Vice-President (Innovation) at Imperial College London. David is an entrepreneur, having formed several companies, is a mentor for start-ups, also advising Boards and governments, and was a member of the UK Government’s Innovation Expert Group along with the Ministry of Defence’s Technology and Innovation Board. He is a non-executive director of VenCap International plc, a leading venture fund-of-funds, on the Advisory Board of Euroclear, and the Board of GenIP. David publishes widely on technology management and innovation strategy, authoring nine books to date and has a PhD in Industrial Economics.","html":"<p>Professor David Gann CBE is Vice Chair of the Villars Institute and a leader in the development of fusion energy, as Chair of UK Fusion Energy Ltd, and previously Chair of the UK Atomic Energy Authority. David is Professor of Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship at the Saïd Business School, Oxford University and a visiting fellow of the Oxford Martin School. Until recently, David was Pro-Vice-Chancellor Development &amp; External Affairs at Oxford University, and prior to that Vice-President (Innovation) at Imperial College London. David is an entrepreneur, having formed several companies, is a mentor for start-ups, also advising Boards and governments, and was a member of the UK Government’s Innovation Expert Group along with the Ministry of Defence’s Technology and Innovation Board. He is a non-executive director of VenCap International plc, a leading venture fund-of-funds, on the Advisory Board of Euroclear, and the Board of GenIP. David publishes widely on technology management and innovation strategy, authoring nine books to date and has a PhD in Industrial Economics.</p>\n"},"organisation":{"id":"65d547d5d5bcca2bcbc9e158","name":"Villars Institute"},"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/professor-david-gann-cbe-aaba057/","photo":{"id":"image_villars-institute/person/david-gann-cbe_photo__David_Gann_im0rx7","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1767794705/villars-institute/person/david-gann-cbe_photo__David_Gann_im0rx7.png","url2x":null},"positions":[{"id":"65d547e2d5bcca2bcbc9e2a8","primary":true,"positions":[{"id":"65d54818d5bcca2bcbc9f2ee","name":"Vice-Chair","name_fr":null}],"organisation":{"id":"65d547d5d5bcca2bcbc9e158","name":"Villars Institute"}}]},{"id":"6a22c06673a367a740e9d40f","name":"Mark Dodgson","slug":"mark-dodgson","role":{"id":"rol_E2B0i7wDhg0ClJZf","name":"VI Expert"},"isMember":false,"bio":{"id":"6a22c06673a367a740e9d40f_bio","text":"Mark Dodgson is a globally recognized innovation thought leader, author, and corporate advisor with more than 35 years of experience studying technology, innovation, and corporate strategy. He is Emeritus Professor at The University of Queensland Business School, Visiting Professor at Imperial College Business School, Executive in Residence at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, and Broman Scholar at the University of Gothenburg.\n\nMark has advised leading multinational companies and government agencies across the UK, US, Australia, and Asia, and has lectured and conducted research worldwide. He has authored or edited 19 books and published more than 100 articles and reports on innovation, entrepreneurship, and management. His recent books include The Playful Entrepreneur, Philanthropy, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, and Demystifying China’s Innovation Machine.\n\nA Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and the Royal Society of Arts, Mark was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2019 for distinguished service to education and business innovation strategy. He is also a recipient of the prestigious Eureka Prize for Leadership in Business Innovation.","html":"<p>Mark Dodgson is a globally recognized innovation thought leader, author, and corporate advisor with more than 35 years of experience studying technology, innovation, and corporate strategy. He is Emeritus Professor at The University of Queensland Business School, Visiting Professor at Imperial College Business School, Executive in Residence at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, and Broman Scholar at the University of Gothenburg.</p>\n<p>Mark has advised leading multinational companies and government agencies across the UK, US, Australia, and Asia, and has lectured and conducted research worldwide. He has authored or edited 19 books and published more than 100 articles and reports on innovation, entrepreneurship, and management. His recent books include The Playful Entrepreneur, Philanthropy, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, and Demystifying China’s Innovation Machine.</p>\n<p>A Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and the Royal Society of Arts, Mark was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2019 for distinguished service to education and business innovation strategy. He is also a recipient of the prestigious Eureka Prize for Leadership in Business Innovation.</p>\n"},"organisation":{"id":"6a22c05273a367a740e9d400","name":"University of Queensland"},"linkedin":null,"photo":{"id":"image_villars-institute/person/mark-dodgson_photo__mark-dodgson_zpeau1","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1780662337/villars-institute/person/mark-dodgson_photo__mark-dodgson_zpeau1.jpg","url2x":null},"positions":[{"id":"6a22c06173a367a740e9d409","primary":null,"positions":[{"id":"6a22c05f73a367a740e9d406","name":"Emeritus Professor","name_fr":null}],"organisation":{"id":"6a22c05273a367a740e9d400","name":"University of Queensland"}}]}],"people":[{"id":"65d547fdd5bcca2bcbc9e873","name":"David Gann, CBE","slug":"david-gann-cbe","path":"/people/david-gann-cbe","organisation":{"id":"65d547d5d5bcca2bcbc9e158","name":"Villars 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